Sunday 18 May 2014

Bath School Disaster

18th May 1927

This day in history...Bath School Disaster: Andrew Kehoe blows up Bath Consolidated School killing 38 children and 2 teachers


There have been quite a few posts about massacres and murders but today's event has been labelled as the deadliest mass murder in a school in United States history. Like the Virginia Tech, Capitol Hill, and Dunblane Massacre, the Bath School Disaster involved mass murders by a single perpetrator who committed suicide after the crime. Since 1873 there have been 51 murderous rampages that have ended with the killer committing suicide. And from 1927-2012 there have been 15 school rampages, of which 13 ended the same way. It is shocking but also interesting to see the motives behind such horrific crimes and whether or not they can be avoided. So lets start with the perpetrator...

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Newspaper Headline 1927 
Andrew Kehoe
Kehoe was born in Tecumseh, Michigan, February 1st, 1872. He was among the youngest of 13 children. His mother died when he was five and his father remarried. Kehoe was known to regularly argue with his step-mother. When he was 14, the family' stove exploded as his step-mother was lighting it. The oil fuel soaked her and she caught fire. Reportedly, Kehoe watched her burn for a few moments before throwing water on her. Due to the oil-based nature of the fire, the water helped it spread, killing his stepmother. Allegations were made, at the time, that the stove had been tampered with. 

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Andrew Kehoe, c1920
Kehoe attended Tecumseh High School and Michigan State University, where he studied electrical engineering. He met his wife, Ellen Price, at the University, who was the daughter of a wealthy Lansing family. After his education, Kehoe went west, working for several years as an electrician in Missouri. In 1911, he suffered a severe head injury in a fall. After his marriage to Ellen in 1912, the couple brought a 185-acre farm outside Bath. 

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Kenoe's house
Kehoe was known by his neighbours as a very intelligent man who easily grew impatient and angry with anyone who disagreed with him. They also recalled that he was always neat and always changed his shirts when they became dirty. On a more negative note, his neighbour also noticed that he was cruel to his farm animals and even beat a horse to death once when it had not performed well enough. 

As Kehoe had a reputation fro thrift, he was elected treasurer of the Bath Consolidated School board in 1924. He fought for lower taxes and was often seen arguing with other board members and calling for adjournment when he didn't get his way. He also repeatedly accused superintendent Emory Huyck of financial mismanagement. Whilst on the board, Kehoe was appointed as the Bath Township Clerk in 1925 for a short period. In the 1926 election, Kehoe was defeated for the position and was angered of his public rejection. A couple of his neighbours grew concerned that he was plotting something and thought he was planning to commit suicide when work on his farm halted. 

During this time, Kehoe's wife was chronically ill with tuberculosis and had frequent hospital stays, costing a considerable amount each time. By the time of the Bath School Disaster, Kehoe had also stopped making mortgage payments and he had been given foreclosure notices against his farm. 

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Ellen "Nellie" Kehoe
The Bath School Disaster
Prior to 18th May, Kehoe had loaded the back seat of his truck with a variety of metal debris capable of producing shrapnel during an explosion. Ellen Kehoe had been discharged from Lansing's St. Lawrence Hospital on 16th May. Between the 16th-18th, Kehoe murdered his wife. He put her body in a wheelbarrow located in the rear of the farm. He also tied his horses legs together so that they could not escape what he had planned next...

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The body of Ellen Kehoe, later found by investigators
...At approximately 8:45am, Kehoe detonated firebombs in his house and farm buildings, causing debris to fly into a neighbour's poultry house. Neighbour's noticed the fire and people rushed to the scene. One fireman, O.H. Bush, crawled through a broken window of one of the farmhouses in search of survivors. He, and other volunteers, discovered dynamite in the corner of the room and quickly removed it. As Kehoe left his burning farm and house in his Ford truck, he stopped to tell those fighting the fire; "Boys, you're my friends. You better get out of here. You better head down to the school."

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The remains of Kehoe's house

Classes at the Bath school started at 8:30am. At about 8:45am, almost simultaneously to Kehoe's farm and house explosions, the basement of the north wing of the school exploded. An alarm clock set by Kehoe detonated the dynamite and pyrotol he had been able to hide there. He had been hired by the school during the summer vacation of 1926 to do some electric work, given his experience. During this time he had planted dynamite and pyrotol all over the school. 

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The Bath School
After the north wing explosion, rescuers heading to the scene of Kehoe's farm turned around and headed back towards the school. Parents within the rural community also began rushing to the school. 38 people, mostly children, were killed. One teacher who survived, Bernice Sterling, told a reporter that the explosion was like an earthquake and that "After the first shock she thought she was blind. But when it came the air seemed to be full of children and flying desks and books. Children were tossed high in the air; some were catapulted out of the building."

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The collapsed school building
The north wing of the school had completely collapsed. The walls had crumbled and the edge of the roof and fallen. Some children were trapped underneath, but were unrecognisable because they were covered with dust, plaster and blood. One man volunteered to drive back to his farm to get equipment suitable for rescuing the children. When returning to his farm, the volunteer saw Kehow in the opposite direction, heading towards the school. According to the volunteer "Kehoe grinned and waved his hand; when he grinned, I could see both rows of his teeth."

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Children in the rubble
The scene at the school was chaotic. A witness, Robert Gates, said that "mother after mother came running into the school yard, demanding information about her child and, on seeing the lifeless children on the lawn, sobbed and swooned."

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The exploded building
The truck explosion
About half an hour after the explosion, Kehoe drove up to the school and saw superintendent Huyck. Kehoe summoned Huyck over to his truck and a witness reportedly saw the two men struggle over some type of long gun and that the car went up in an explosion soon after. Superintendent Huyck was killed, along with Kehoe, Glenn O. Smith and Nelson McFarren. Cleo Clayton, an 8 year old second grader had wandered out of the collapsed school building and was killed by the fragmentation from the exploding truck. One woman, Mrs. Eugene Hart, was seen sitting on the bank near the school holding her two dead daughters and little boy. Her eldest son, Perry has survived the school explosion but was severely wounded by the truck explosion. 

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Before and After photos of Kenoe's truck
The Victims

  • Before the school bombing
    • Ellen Kehoe (52)
  • Killed in the school bombing
    • Arnold V. Bauerle (8)                        - Gailand L. Harte (12)
    • Henry Bergan (14)                             - LaVere R. Harte (9)
    • Herman Bergan (11)                         - Stanley H. Harte (12)
    • Emilie M. Bromundt (11)                   - Francis O. Hoeppner (13)
    • Robert F. Bromundt (12)                   - Cecial L. Hunter (13)
    • Floyd E. Burnett (12)                          - Doris E. Johns (8)
    • Russell J. Chapman (8)                     - Thelma I. MacDonald (8)
    • F. Robert Cochran (8)                        - Clarence W. McFarren (13)
    • Ralph A. Chushman (7)                     - J. Emerson Medcoff (8)
    • Earl E. Ewing (11)                              - Emma A. Nickols (13)
    • Katherine O. Foote (10)                    - Richard D. Richardson (12)
    • Marjorie Fritz (9)                                 - Elsie M. Robb (12)
    • Carlyle W. Geisenhaver (9)               - Pauline M. Shirts (10)
    • Geroge P. Hall Jr. (8)                         - Hazel I. Weatherby (21) - teacher
    • Willa M. Hall (11)                                - Elizabeth J. Witchell (10)
    • Lola I. Hart (12)                                   - Lucile J. Witchell (9)
    • Percy E. Hart (11)                               - Harold Woodman (8)
    • Vivian O. Hart (8)                                 - George O. Zimmerman (10)
    • Blanche E. Harte (30) - teacher         - Lloyd Zimmerman (12)
  • Killed by the truck bombing
    • G. Cloe Clayton (8)
    • Emory E. Huyck (33) - superintendent
    • Andrew P. Kehoe (55) - perpetrator
    • Nelson McFarren (74) - retired farmer
    • Glenn O. Smith (33) - postmaster
  • Died later of injuries
    • Beatrice P. Gibbs (10)
The total death count was 45 (including perpetrator). There were also 58 non-fatal injuries. 

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Victims/Survivors
 
Recovery 
Telephone operators remained at their stations for hours on end to summon the emergency services and to update information about the survivors and the dead. During the rescue search, an additional 500 pounds of dynamite was found, which had failed to detonate in the south wing. The Police found an alarm clock timed to go off at 8:45am, suggesting that Kehoe had attempted to blow up the entire school. When searching Kehoe's farm and house, they found Ellen's charred remains and two dead horses trapped inside a farm building. Investigators also found a wooden sign wired to the farm fence with Kehoe's last message: "Criminals are made, not born." 

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Kehoe's last message

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Explosives recovered from underneath the school.












Aftermath
The Red Cross managed donations sent to pay for both medical expenses of the survivors and the burial costs of the dead. In a few weeks, $5, 284.15 was raised. Kehoe's body was eventually claimed by one of his sisters. Without a ceremony, she had him buried in an unmarked grave in an unnamed cemetery. The Price family buried Ellen in Mount Hope Cemetery under her maiden name.

School resumed on 5th September, 1927 and was held in the community hall and two retail buildings for a year. Most of the students returned. The school board demolished the damaged parts of the school and built a new wing using the donated funds. It was renamed the 'James Couzens Agricultural School', named for the senator and was up and running on 18th August, 1928.

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Senator James Couzens
In 1975, the Couzens building was demolished and the site was redeveloped as the Bath Consolidated School Memorial Park, dedicated to the victims. In 1991, a Michigan Historical Marker was installed at the park with a bronze plaque bearing the names of those killed and a brief description of the events.
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Bath School Disaster Memorial Marker


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Memorial presented on a remaining
piece of the original school.
 














What are your thoughts on today's event? Do you have any questions about Kehoe, the victims or the aftermath? Leave your comments below

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Wednesday 14 May 2014

World's Youngest Mum

14th May 1939

This day in history...Lina Medina becomes the world's youngest mother in medical history at the age of 5


Lina Medina is an extremely rare case, especially in terms of medical history. There have been other documented births to young mothers, but none have been this young. There is also a lot of mystery surrounding Lina Medina's case as the father has never been revealed and, at the time, many people believed the pregnancy to be a hoax. It was in fact true and so are many of the other examples in today's blog post.

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Lina Medina after delivery
Lina Medina
Lina was born September 27th 1933 in Ticrapo, Huancavelica Region, Peru. Her parents, Tiburelo Medina and Victoria Losea brought Lina to a hospital when the five year old's abdominal was increasing in size. The doctors originally thought she had a tumour, but determined she was seven months pregnant. Dr. Gerardo Lozada took Lina to Lima, Peru, to have specialists confirm the pregnancy. Her story raised a lot of media attention and the newspapers from the time indicate just how unusual the case was. They also show that the Medina's had no interest in making the case famous and refused interviews and film offers. 


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Lina Medina pregnant, age 5

A little over a month later, on May 14th 1939, Lina gave birth to a boy by caesarean section at 5 years, 7 moths and 21 days old. The surgery and the details of the case were reported in the medical journal La Presse Medicale. The report also showed that Lina's first menstrual cycle had started when she was just 8 months old. It also stated that she had prominent breast development by the age of four and that her sexual organs were fully mature by the time she gave birth to her son.

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Lina in hospital, following the birth
Gerardo Medina
Lina named her son Gerardo, after her doctor. He was born at 2.7kg (6lb). Gerardo was raised to believe that Medina was his sister, but at the age of 10 he learned the truth that she was his mother. He grew up healthy and lived a normal life, but unfortunately died in 1979, aged 40, due to bone marrow disease.

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Gerardo (left) and Lina Medina (middle)
Later Life
The identity of Gerardo's father has never been revealed and neither have the circumstances of Lina's impregnation. Although Loina's father was arrested on suspicion of child sexual abuse, he was later released due to lack of evidence. The Medina's have surprisingly led a normal life, although when Gerardo was first born, doctors wanted to keep mother and son in the hospital as they were fascinated by the case. Lina's mother, however, didn't wish for her child and grandchild to become lab monkeys and the family returned home after a few months.

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Lina and Gerardo
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Gerardo and Lina holding a doll




















In young adulthood, Lina worked as a secretary in the Lima clinic. They provided her with an education and helped her to put Gerardo through high school. Lina later married Raul Jurado, who fathered her second son in 1972. Reuters attempted to interview Lina in 2002, but they were refused. They could reveal, however, that she was living in a poor district of Lima known as Chicago Chico (Little Chicago) with her husband. Their youngest son resides in Mexico City. 

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Lina Medina, 28 years after Gerardo's birth
Other Cases
Another famous case of a young mother occurred August 19th 1934 in, what is now, Ukraine. Yelizaveta "Liza" Gryshchenko was just 5 years old when her 70 year old grandfather raped her. She turned 6 just days before she gave birth to her daughter. As caesareans were dangerous at the time, her parents insisted on a natural birth with the aid of forceps and retractors. The baby, weighing 3kg (6.6lb) died during labour. After the incident, the family moved away...taking Liza's grandfather with them.

A more recent and shocking case happened in November 1994. 9 year old Leyla Mafi from Iran had been prostituted by her mother starting when she was just 8. Leyla had a development delay (she was assessed at the age of 19 and appeared to have the mental age of an 8 year old). Among the men who paid to rape the disabled child were several of her male relatives. She ended up having 3 children; the first when she was 9, and twins when she was 14. When she was 19 she was condemned and faced the death penalty for 'moral offences' of debauchery, incest and illegitimate motherhood. Her lawyer eventually intervened and lessened Leyla's sentence to a public beating and imprisonment. In 2006, Leyla was sent to a rehab centre and now resided in an apartment with a care worker.

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Leyla Mafi
The most recent case is from May 2012. Antonio Lisboa Filho, 28 years old, discovered that his 10 year old daughter (unidentified) was 4 months pregnant. Antonio had been regularly raping his daughter since she was 8. He fled from Coroata, Maranhao, Brazil, along with his wife and their other children, abandoning the 10 year old girl with her grandmother. The grandmother alerted the authorities of the rape and the parents' escape. The pregnancy had advanced past the stages of abortion, and the young girl delivered the baby, via caesarean section in early May 2012. According to the police, the man is also suspected of raping the girl's 8 year old sister.

There are, unfortunately, hundreds of other cases about young mothers. Some as shocking and disgraceful as those above and some as mysterious as Lina Melina's case. What are you thoughts on young mothers and the reasons behind it? Leave your comments below.

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Monday 12 May 2014

The End of the World

12th May 2012

This day in history...The discovery of a missing Mayan Calendar piece disproves 2012 Armageddon


The Doomsday predictions for the 21st of December 2012 being the End of the World have now long gone. Fortunately we are still here! And that should come at no surprise, given the substantial amount of evidence disproving the 2012 apocalypse. Today's event of the discovery of the missing Mayan evidence is possibly one of the most important revelations in terms of the supposed Armageddon. So what was the discovery? And what of the Doomsday Preppers now?

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The Mayan Calendar
The Discovery

During an archaeological trip in Guatemala in 2010, PhD student at the University of Boston, Franco Rossi came across faded paint on a wall. He and a fellow student dug through the 1,200 year old mud and found a great expanse of paintings and engravings. Over the years, the site has gained more recognition and in 2011 and 2012 more research was undertaken by excavation leader, William Saturno. The full excavation of the site in Xultun took place in 2011. A detailed orange painting of a man holding a scribe was found. The scribe was seen pointing at a lunar table and traces of calendical cycles. The main discovery that disproved the end of the world were stacked bars and dots all representing different chunks of time, going over 7,000 years into the future. The most interesting part of the Xultun site was the fact that it represented a workspace, that was probably the gathering place for calculations to be made about astronomy and time. Unfortunately the area was heavily looted in the 70s so they are not many artefacts remaining. It is believed that these paintings were made when Xultun was facing an intense drought. In a time of depression, the people turned to the Kings and authorities, who would the turn to the scribes, who were seen to predict the future with their astronomical calculations. 

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Saturno at the excavation
Understanding the Mayan Calendar

There is no easy way to explain the Mayan calendars or the way in which their numerical system worked. So instead of going into the confusing details, here's the most simplified version I could possibly find;
  •  The Calendar consists of 3 separate corresponding calendars; the Long Count, the Tzolkin (divine calendar) and the Haab (Civil calendar). Time is cyclical in the calendars and a set number of days must occur before a new cycle can begin
  • The Long Count comes first, then the Tzolkin date and then the Haab date. A typical Mayan date would read: 13.0.0.0.0.4 Ahau 8 Kumku. 13.0.0.0.0 is the Long Count, 4 Ahau is the Tzolkin and 8 Kumku is the Haab. 
  • The creation date for the current cycle we are in today is 4 Ahaw, 8 Kumku. This is equivalent to August, 11th, 3114 BC (Gregorian calendar) or September, 6th, 3114 BC (Julian calendar)
  • The date is identified by counting the number of days since the creation date. A typical Long Count date has the following format: Baktun, Katun, Tun, Uinal, Kin
    • Kin = 1 day
    • Uinal = 20 kin = 20 days
    • Tun = 18 uinal = 360 days
    • Katun = 20 tun = 260 uinal = 7,200 days
    • Baktun = 20 Katun = 400 tun = 7,200 uinal = 144,000 days
  • Kin, Tun and Katun are numbered from 0-19
  • Uinal are numbered from 0-17
  • Baktun are numbered from 1-13
  • The Long Count has a cycle of 13 baktuns = 1,872,000 days = 5,125.36 years and is referred to as the Great Cycle of the Long Count
  • This Great Cycle corresponds to 11:11 Universal Time, December 21st, 2012 - hence the doomsday date
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The Mayan Calendar
Chichén Itzá essentially represents a year. The four sides have 91 steps each, totalling to 364. The final step at the top makes it to 365, and is witness to the Mayan sacrifices to the Sun. Everything revolved around the Sun, quite literally. 

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Chichen Itza
Doomsday Preppers

Firstly, the Mayans believed that time gets renewed, a similar understanding can be seen with New Years Day and Monday Mornings, it is just a renewed cycle. At no point, did they predict the end of the world .They merely predicted the end of one era in time. So seeing as we are very much still alive, what of the Doomsday preppers?

  • In Moscow, residents paid nearly $1000 to attend a 2-day 'doomsday party' in an underground bunker from the Cold War
  • A company in London offered a 3-course meal served in an ark
  • People all over the world held parties, crossed things off their bucket lists 
  • Some took preparation very seriously; they spent months and even years constructing shelters, bunkers and stockpiling food and ammunition
  • A man in Phoenix kept 1,000 fish in his swimming pool
  • A California company sold over 50 survivor bunkers in just 3 months leading up to the day
  • 3 million Americans actively prepared for the end of the world
  • Some people even killed their pets so that they wouldn't have to go through the apocalypse
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There is even a TV programme about the Doomsday Preppers

The preparation was varied and far-fetched in places, but it was a truly stressful time for many of the doomsday believers. Many people saw this period of time the perfect way for the companies to exploit peoples fear and sell them items that would be useless after the 21st December. It was seen as an excuse to make money.

Social Media Comments

Every aspect of social media was trending the topic of the end of the world. Some tweets and statuses are absurd, insulting and just downright funny. Here's some examples;
  • "If Mayans have taught us anything, it is if you don't finish something, it's not the end of the world."
  • "The first status on the 22nd December will be - Is anyone alive?"
  • "I wonder if there was just a day they were sick of making calendars"
  • "Snooki is expecting her baby on December 21st, 2012. I guess the Mayans knew what they were talking about."
  • The day after: "Well that was fun! What should we do next - Zombies?"
  • @Mayansofficial minutes after the supposed time: "Well...this is awkward."
I could go on and on and on....

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Is this the end? Images all over the Internet
What are your thoughts on the Doomsday and the Mayans? Leave a comment below.

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Monday 5 May 2014

Cinco de Mayo

5th May 1862

This day in history...The Mexican army's unlikely victory over French forces at the Battle of Puebla 


Cinco de Mayo has long been celebrated in the United States and Mexico, and is primarily known in the state of Puebla as El Día de la Batalla de Puebla (The Day of the Battle of Puebla). Whilst many people have adopted the day as a celebration to enjoy Mexican cuisine, drink, music and a spectacular display of fireworks, some people are still unaware of the day's origins and importance.


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Cinco de Mayo 
Background

The Mexican-American War of 1846-48 and the 1860 Reform Wars, left Mexico in a state of French occupation. The Mexican treasury was also almost bankrupt. July 17th 1861, Mexican President Benito Juárez issued a moratorium - all foreign debt payments would be suspended for 2 years. In response to this, France, Britain and Spain sent naval forces to Veracruz to demand reimbursement. Negotiations between Britain, Spain and Mexico led to Mexico withdrawing. However, France, being ruled by Napoleon III, decided to use the opportunity to establish an empire in Mexico that would favour French interests. 

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Napoleon III
The French Invasion

In 1861, a well-armed French fleet advanced on Veracruz and drove President Juárez and his government into retreat. When the French army moved from Veracruz to Mexico City, the Mexicans showed heavy resistance. The 8,000 strong French army attacked the 4,500 Mexican army, who were poorly equipment. However, on the 5th May 1862, the Mexicans managed to decisively crush the French army, who were considered as the 'premier army in the world'. 

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President Benito Juárez
Mexican Victory

The victory caused a significant morale boost to the Mexican army and the people. Whilst it wasn't a major strategic win overall, the success was a great symbolic victory. The Puebla win became a symbol of unity and pride and became known as 'Mexican David defeating French Goliath.' A great sense of national unity and patriotism followed - hence the large scale of celebration that has continued annually into the present day.

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The Battle of Puebla
Aftermath

The Victory, however, was short-lived. A year later the French returned with 30,000 troops and were able to defeat the Mexican army, capture Mexico City, and install Emperor Maximilian 1 as ruler of Mexico. This however was also short-lived, lasting only 3 years from 1864 to 1867. By 1865, the American Civil War was over and the Americans were able to provide more political and military assistance to Mexico. Napoleon III was facing Mexican guerilla resistance, the threat of war from Prussia and a possible war with the United States. He decided to retreat from Mexico in 1866. The Mexicans were then able to re-seize Mexico City and Maximilian I was apprehended and executed in the Cerro de las Campanas, Querétaro. On the 5th June 1867, Juárez finally entered Mexico City where he installed a legitimate government. 

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Execution of Maximilian I
The Importance of Cinco de Mayo

The Battle of Puebla was important for at least 2 reasons;

  • Although considerably outnumbered, the Mexicans had defeated the 'almighty' French army
  • Since this battle, no country in the Americas has subsequently been invaded by ant other European military force
The Celebrations
United States: The American Cinco de Mayo celebration originated in the Mexican-American communities of the American West, Southwest and Northwest in the 1860s. Mexicans and Latinos living in California during the American Civil War are the first known people to celebrate Cinco de Mayo. The event gre in popularity and became a celebration of Mexican culture and heritage. Eventually it expanded across the United States. On the 7th June 2005, the U.S. Congress issued a Concurrent Resolution callign on the President of the U.S to issue a proclamation, calling upon Americans to observe Cinco de Mayo with appropriate ceremonies and festivals. The day has gained momentum over the years and several beer and drinks companies have capitalised on the celebratory nature of the day. There is always a constant supply of cerveza, tequila and tortillas. In 2006, there were 150 Cinco de Mayo events across America, showing the impact of the day. Many school districts hold special events to educate children about the day's historical significance. Special events and celebrations are used to highlight Mexican culture and dancing. 

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President Bush hosting a Cinco de Mayo celebration at the White House, 2005
Mexico: On the 9th May 1862, President Juárez declared that the anniversary of the Battle of Puebla would be a national holiday. Although Mexican citizens are proud of the meaning of Cinco de Mayo, it is not a national holiday, apart from in the state of Puebla, where the battle took place. However, all public schools are closed nation-wide in Mexico on the 5th May. In the Mexican culture, skulls are used in art to represent the dead. The skulls are mainly seen on Dia De Los Muertos (Day of the Dead - Halloween), however have been recently used on Cinco de Mayo to remember the dead. 

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Mexican Skull art


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Celebrations in Mexico



















Around the World
  • Windsor, Ontario, Canada: Cinco de Mayo Street Festival. Canadian pubs play Mexican music and serve the relevant cuisine
  • Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Cinco de Mayo skydiving event
  • Cayman Islands, Caribbean: Annual air guitar competition
  • Montego Bay, Jamaica: Annual Celebration
  • Brisbane, Australia and London and New Zealand: Mexican Festival and celebrations
  • Toyko, Japan: Yoyogi Park Event Space celebrate all the Americas, not just Mexican culture
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Cinco de Mayo celebrations in Tokyo

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Saturday 3 May 2014

Madeleine McCann

3rd May 2007

This day in history... British girl Madeleine McCann disappears from her bed in a holiday apartment in Praia da Luz, Portugal 



This has been a worldwide, ongoing investigation since 2007 and shows no signs of stopping until Madeleine McCann is found. This is of course a very sensitive subject as the young girl is still currently missing, but the investigation has gained momentum over the years and has continued to discover new evidence and shock the general public along the way.  The media, of course, has made a massive impact on the investigation, for better and for worse, in all hopes at finding Madeleine. It is believed that the cases' international interest and the sheer mass of media coverage in the UK has been reminiscent of the death of Princess Diana in 1997. The Daily Telegraph called the investigation "the most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history."

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Madeleine Missing
The McCann's Background

Madeleine was born in Leicester in 2003 and lived with her twin siblings and parents in Rothley. Interpol described Madeleine as having straight blonde hair, blue-green eyes, a distinctive dark strip on the iris of her right eye - possibly a coloboma - and a small brown mark on the calf of her left leg. The McCanns released several age-progressed images in 2009 of how Madeleine may have looked at age 6. Another image was released by Scotland Yard in 2012 of her at
age 9. 

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Computer-progressed images of what Madeleine possibly looks like from 2012 onwards
Madeleine's parents were both physicians and practising Roman Catholics. Kate Marie McCann (born 1968 in Huyton, Liverpool), attended All Saints school, Notre Dame High School, Everton Valley and graduated in 1992 with a degree in medicine from the University of Dundee. She moved briefly into obstetrics, gynaecology, anaesthesiology and finally general practice. Gerald Patrick McCann (born 1968 in Glasgow), attended Holyrood Secondary School and obtained a BSc in physiology/sports science from the University of Glasgow in 1989 and qualified in medicine in 1992. He also obtained his MD from Glasgow. He was a consultant cardiologist in Leicester. The couple met in 1993 in Glasgow and married in 1998. Madeleine was born in 2003 and the twins, a boy and a girl, two years later.

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Gerry and Kate McCann
The McCanns were on holiday in Praia da Luz with a group of 7 friends from the UK and 8 children in all, including Madeleine, Sean and Amelie. Several of the friends had studied medicine together at the University of Leicester. The group consisted of Russel O'Brien and his partner Jane Tanner; Matthew Oldfield and his wife Rachael; Fiona and David Payne and Fiona's mother Dianne Webster. The 9 adults met up most evenings during the holiday at 20:30 in the resort's tapas restaurant, as a result the friends were dubbed as the Tapas Seven by the media. 

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The Tapas 7: Jane Tanner, Dianne Webster, David Payne, Fiona Payne,
Russel O'Brien, Rachael Oldfield, Matthew Oldfield

The McCann's Apartment, Portugal

The McCanns arrived in Praia da Luz 28th April 2007 and stayed at G5A Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva for a 7-night break. G5A was a 2-bed apartment on the ground floor of the fifth block of grouped apartments known as Waterside Village. The block lay on the perimeter of Mark Warner's Ocean Club resort and overlooked its pool, tennis courts, tapas restaurant and bar. G5A was located on the corner of Rua Dr Agostinho da Silva and Rua Dr Francisco Gentil Martins and was accessible to the public from all sides. Sliding patio doors at the back faced the Ocean Club; the patio doors could be accessed from a short set of steps and a gate on the side. The front door was situated on the non-resort side of the block and led to a walled car park and street. The 3 children slept in a bedroom next to the front door. The room had one waist-high window with an exterior shutter that looked onto a narrow walkway. 

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Aerial view of the McCann's apartment block and facilities


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Madeleine's bed and the
twins' travel cots












The night of Madeleine's disappearance, the McCanns had left the patio doors unlocked as they could only be locked from the inside and it was quicker and easier for the McCanns to enter that way to check up on the children throughout the night. Gerald also ensured the window shutters were down and that the window was shut. He also ensured that the children's bedroom door was left slightly ajar so that the light from the living room could peak through.

Thursday 3rd May 2007
This was the penultimate day of the family's holiday. The children spent the morning at the resort's Kids' Club while the parents went for a walk and to the pool. Kate took the last known photo of Madeleine by the pool that afternoon.

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One of the last photos of 'Maddy' taken on the
family's holiday



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The last photo of 'Maddy' by the pool with her father, Gerry and sister, Amelie



At 18:00 the children were collected from the Kids' Club, where Kate has described Madeleine looking pale and washed out. Kate took the children back to the apartment whilst Gerald went to play tennis. The children were put to bed at around 19:00. Madeleine was left asleep next to her pink comfort blanket and a pink soft toy - Cuddle Cat. She was wearing a pair of short-sleeved, pink-and-white Marks and Spencer's Eeyore pyjamas.

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Gerry and Kate McCann holding a copy of 'Maddy's' pyjamas

Kate and Gerry left the apartment at 20:30 to dine with their friends at the Taps restaurant, 50 metres on the other side of the pool and a walk of 30-45 seconds according to Kate. The staff at the restaurant had left a note in a staff message book asking that the same table, which overlooked the apartments, be block-booked for 20:30 for the McCanns and the Tapas Seven for several evenings during the holiday. The message also said that the group's children were asleep in the apartments and the staff book was left at the swimming-pool reception area. Kate believes that the abductor may have seen the note.

The McCanns and their friends left the table throughout the evening to check on their children. Gerry carried out the first check on 5A at around 21:05. He said everything seemed normal apart from the children's bedroom door being wide open, instead of ajar as he had left it. He pulled it back to how it was, before returning to the restaurant.

Events leading up to the disappearance:
Jane Tanner, one of the Tapas Seven, left the restaurant at 21:15 to check on her own daughter. Tanner noticed a man with a child cross the road, walking away from the direction of the apartments. Tanner said the man was carrying the child, who was barefoot and wearing light-coloured pyjamas with a floral pattern and cuffs on the legs. Tanner described him as white, dark-haired, 35-40 years old, wearing beige trousers and a dark jacket. 

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The suspect spotted by Jane Tanner

When Scotland Yard were brought in on the investigation they came to the conclusion that Tanner's sighting was a red herring. In October 2013 a British holidaymaker had been identified as the man that Tanner had seen. He had been returning to his apartment nearby after picking up his daughter from the Ocean Club night crèche. Scotland Yard took similar photos of the man wearing the same clothes that he was wearing on the night and standing in a similar pose as Tanner's sighting. The sighting was ruled out. 

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Innocent British holidaymaker disproves Tanner's suspect
Martin and Mary Smith, who were on holiday from Ireland, reported seeing a man at around 22:00 about 500 years from the McCann's apartment, carrying a young girl and walking towards the beach. They described the girl as 3-4 years old, wearing light-coloured pyjamas, with blonde hair and pale skin. They said the man was mid-30s, tall, slim build, with short hair, wearing cream trousers. He appeared not to be comfortable carrying the young child. E-fit images were prepared based on the couples' descriptions. 

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E-fits of the same man, described by the Smiths

At 21:30 Kate went to check on the children, but friend Matthew Oldfield offered to check on them when he checked his own children. He noticed that the children's bedroom door was wide open but after hearing no noise left without checking the room. Kate made her own check at around 22:00. She recalled entering the apartment through the patio doors and noticed the bedroom door wide open. When she tried to close it slightly, the door slammed shut as though there was a draught. Kate then entered the room to find the bedroom window and exterior shutter open. Madeleine's Cuddle Cat and pink blanket were still on the bed, but Madeleine was gone. After briefly searching the apartment, Kate ran back to the restaurant screaming that someone had taken Madeleine. At around 22:10, Matthew Oldfield asked the resort's reception desk to call the police and the missing-child protocol was activated. 60 staff and guests searched until 04:30, at first assuming that the girl had wandered off. 

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Plan view of apartment 5A - sniffer dog analysis

Suspects
Among the men described by Tanner and the Smiths, there were also other witness statements reporting unusual, suspicious behaviour leading up to the night of Madeleine's disappearance. One holiday maker told the Polícia Judiciária that a bedraggled-looking man had rung her doorbell on 20th April 2007 to say in broken English that he was collecting money for a nearby orphanage. She described him as 38-45 years old, dark hair, a moustache and large teeth. On the day of the disappearance, between 15:30-17:30, 2 black-haired men visited apartments close to G5A, again claiming to be collecting for orphanages. On Monday, 30th April, several different witnesses saw a blonde-haired man on different occasions around the area; leaning against a wall behind the apartments; near the car park by the pool and across the road looking at G5A. The man, or possible men, were described as uneasy, "ugly", Caucasian, mid-30s and wearing a black leather jacket and sunglasses. 

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E-fits of the men described above
Witnesses also noticed at 14:30 on another day, 2 blonde-haired men on the balcony of 5C, an empty apartment down from 5A. Throughout the day the men were spotted near and around 5A. At 23:00, an hour after the disappearance was reported, 2 blonde-haired men were seen in a nearby street speaking in raised voices; when they realised they had been noticed, they lowered their voices and walked away. 

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E-fits of other 
suspects
Many leads and trails were followed and so far nothing has been confirmed entirely. The media have along the way attempted to help the case, however some of the newspapers soured at one point after some of the Portuguese police blamed the McCanns for Madeleine's disappearance. Many conspiracy theories have surfaced over the years, some of which claimed that the McCanns had used sedatives to make sure the children slept whilst they were out. The theory suggests that the McCanns accidentally overdosed Madeleine, hid her body and then removed it a month later in a rented car. These theories have never been confirmed and newspapers have had to pay a lot of damages in false accusations. Some negative media also portrayed the McCanns in a bad light arguing that they shouldn't have left their children in an unlocked apartment and that they should have been charged with abandonment of a child. Kate also revealed that the Madeleine had turned to her parents the night of the disappearnace and asked why her parents were not home last night when her and her brother were crying.

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The Sun 
 The theories are endless and most of the tabloids have twisted some of the evidence in their favour so it is hard to decipher what is relevant and what is true. The Scotland Yard investigation, Operation Grange, has made successful progress, it told Crimewatch in 2013, and statistics believe that the younger a child is abducted, the more likely they are still alive. There have been hundreds of suspected sightings of Madeleine and a few have believed to have been truthful leads. The McCann family still have the highest hopes of finding Madeleine and it is essential that if anyone has any information regarding this, that they come forward. Even if the public think it was just something small they noticed, or something they hadn't thought as a potential risk before, any information is more than helpful. Of course, this is an ongoing and desperate investigation to find the McCann's little girl. So if you do have anything helpful you can call Crimewatch on 0800 555111. Have a little look at the special episode on Madeleine McCann here.

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'Madification' of UK media

What are your thoughts on the Madeleine McCann case? Do you have any theories? Do you have any helpful information? Leave your comments below.

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